![]() ![]() Although some progress was made on the CEV/OEV infection, the geographic distribution and epidemic pattern for CEV/OEV infection remain largely unknown. reported the establishment of a RT-PCR method for detecting caprine/ovine enterovirus, which is also suitable for rapid diagnosis of enterovirus infection in clinical samples ( 23). Little information was available on CEV/OEV infection and its epidemiological aspects until the establishment of a sandwich ELISA method for CEV antigen detection as recently reported ( 22). reported the molecular difference of the caprine/ovine enterovirus strains circulating in China and revealed 3 new EV-G types for CEV/OEV viruses based on the VP1 sequence variations, which were proposed to be named EV-G21, EV-G22, and EV-G23 ( 21). Currently, CEV/OEV strains were grouped to three types (EV-G5, EV-G7 and EV-G20) in EV-G, where CEV-JL14 isolate was designated as a reference strain for EV-G20 ( 5, 19). The discovery of EV-F infection in goats and the existence of co-infection of EV-F with EV-G in the same goat herd broadened the understanding of host range for EV-F infection ( 20). ( 3) reported the isolation of the first caprine enterovirus strain CEV-JL14 from goats with severe diarrhea, and unveiled its complete genome sequence. ( 1) reported the complete genome sequence of an ovine enterovirus strain TB4-OEV. Recently, CEV/OEV infections were increasingly reported, and several strains of CEV/OEV isolated from goats or sheep were also classified as EV-G. Out of 12 species of enterovirus, enterovirus E (EV-E) and enterovirus F (EV-F) mainly contribute to cattle infection ( 7– 15), while enterovirus G (EV-G) is associated with pig infection ( 16– 19). According to the latest virus classification by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses, the genus of Enterovirus consists of 12 species of enterovirus and 3 species of rhinovirus ( 5, 6). As the causative agent, CEV/OEV belongs to the genus of Enterovirus within the family of Picornaviridae. In summary, we investigated the CEV/OEV infection among the goat/sheep herds from different regions in China, revealed the epidemic pattern and the contribution factors to the infection, which provided the epidemiological data for future prevention and control of this emerging infection.Ĭaprine/ovine enterovirus (CEV/OEV) infection is the recently reported disease characterized by digestive and respiratory signs in goats or sheep ( 1– 4). ![]() Additionally, CEV/OEV infection rate had obvious seasonality, while they increased from year 2015 to 2019. Furthermore, raising modes were showed to contribute to the infection rate, where higher rates were detected among goats/sheep in captivity (27.10%) than these in free-range (12.27%) and semi-free range (19.24%). ![]() Among these breeds of sheep, higher infection rates were detected in local breed sheep (42.86%) and small-tailed Han sheep (35.91%) than these of Hu sheep (13.41%) and Dorper sheep (16.34%). Out of different breeds of goat, Boer (20.13%) had the highest infection rate, followed by local breed (5.62%) and Saanen (2.61%). Moreover, infection rate was higher in sheep (24.59%) than that in goats (9.84%), even dramatic difference among different breeds of goat or sheep. CEV/OEV infection rates were varied in different regions in China and significantly higher in the diarrheal herds (40.30%) than these in non-diarrheal herds (13.83%). Epidemic patterns and infection rates for CEV/OEV were affected by the breeds, raising mode, regions, and seasons. Epidemiological investigation revealed a wide range of infection rates of CEV/OEV from 19.80%−39.00% on goat/sheep farms in the major goat/sheep-raising provinces as such Henan, Shandong, Ningxia, Jilin, Inner Mongolia autonomous region, and Xinjiang autonomous region in China. Here, we report the investigation on CEV/OEV infection pattern and the underlying contribution factors by employing a sandwich ELISA kit for detection of CEV/OEV antigen.
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